Likely Textual Parallels Between Mark 10 - 15 and Paul

Mark 10–15 locus	Mark Greek focus	Pauline locus	Pauline Greek focus	Analytical note
Mark 14:36	Ἀββᾶ ὁ πατήρ	Rom 8:15; Gal 4:6	Ἀββᾶ ὁ πατήρ	Rare bilingual invocation (Aramaic + Greek) yields a powerful link. Tradition-history is debated: one scholarly line argues “abba” cannot be attributed to Jesus with certainty and may reflect early community charismatic practice.
Mark 10:33–34	Son of Man “will be handed over” (παραδοθήσεται) and killed, “after three days” rise	Rom 4:25; 1 Cor 15:3–4	“delivered up” (παρεδόθη) and “raised” (ἠγέρθη); “third day” tradition	Mark’s passion prediction shares the same conceptual skeleton found in Pauline kerygmatic summaries, though with different narrative packaging.
Mark 14:22–25	Eucharistic “body/blood/covenant” formulation	1 Cor 11:23–26	Paul’s “received/handed on” account of the meal	Paul’s phrasing (παρέλαβον… παρέδωκα) is often treated as technical tradition-transmission vocabulary; this provides a plausible channel for overlap without requiring Mark’s direct literary use of Paul.
Mark 10:45	“give his life λύτρον ἀντὶ πολλῶν”	Rom 3:24; 1 Tim 2:6	Rom: ἀπολύτρωσις; 1 Tim: ἀντίλυτρον	Rom 3:24 anchors redemption language in undisputed Paul; 1 Tim 2:6 (disputed authorship in many critical approaches) preserves a “ransom” word that is morphologically close to Mark 10:45—suggesting conceptual continuity across Pauline tradition.
Mark 13:10	“gospel… to all nations”	Gal 2; Rom 1:5 (and wider mission idiom)	Paul frames mission to ἔθνη and “gospel” as a core vocation and contested mandate	Overlap is thematic and programmatic more than verbally unique; but Mark’s explicit “to all the nations” line sits naturally in a Pauline mission-world.
Mark 14:62	“coming with the clouds” (ἐρχόμενον… νεφελῶν)	1 Thess 4:17	“caught up… ἐν νεφέλαις”	Shared apocalyptic stock imagery does not on its own prove influence; it supports a shared eschatological register.
Mark 15:21	“Alexander and Rufus” named with Simon of Cyrene	Rom 16:13	Paul greets Rufus	This is a social-network datum more than theology. It can suggest intersecting communities/audiences, but it does not identify Paul as a Markan character.

Vocabulary overlap by lemma

Table lists a focused set of Greek lemmas that (a) matter for Mark 10–15’s theological load and (b) have clear Pauline analogues. The point is not that these words are exclusive to Mark and Paul (most are not), but that their clustering in Mark’s passion/disciple framework has made them central to “Paul and Mark” discussions. 

Lemma	Mark 10–15 anchor	Pauline anchor(s)	Why it matters for the hypothesis
παραδίδωμι (“hand over”)	Mark 10:33; passion narrative’s logic of betrayal/handing-over	Rom 4:25; Gal 2:20; 1 Cor 15:3	A core “passion grammar” shared across kerygmatic summaries and Mark’s narrative scripting.
εὐαγγέλιον (“gospel”)	Mark 13:10 (and broader Mark usage)	Across Paul; “beginning of the gospel” phrase in Phil 4:15 parallels Mark 1:1	Often used to argue that Mark narrativizes an already-preached “gospel” idiom.
σταυρός / σταυρόω (“cross/crucify”)	Mark 15’s crucifixion sequence	Especially 1 Corinthians and Galatians	“Cross” becomes an interpretive center of gravity in Paul and is narratively climactic in Mark 15.
λύτρον / ἀπολύτρωσις / ἀντίλυτρον (ransom/redemption)	Mark 10:45	Rom 3:24; 1 Tim 2:6	Provides a test case for whether Mark’s “ransom” is broadly early-Christian, Pauline, or a Markan reconfiguration.
Ἀββᾶ + πατήρ	Mark 14:36	Rom 8:15; Gal 4:6	Rare bilingual liturgical/prayer marker; debated provenance (Jesus vs early church usage).
νεφέλη/νεφέλαι (clouds)	Mark 14:62	1 Thess 4:17	Shared apocalyptic imagery; more plausibly shared scriptural stock than direct literary dependence.